Born at Thurlow, Upper Canada, and educated in medicine, Canniff served as Medical Officer with the Royal Artillery during the Crimean War. Returning to practice in Belleville and Toronto, he became professor at the University of Victoria College, sub-dean of the Toronto Medical School, and later Toronto's first Medical Health Officer (1883-91). A member of the Canada First Movement, he was deeply interested in the promotion of colonization of the North West. His writings include contributions to medical literature as well as the useful History of the Early Settlement of Upper Canada. He died at Belleville.