Founded by Bishop Arthur Sweatman in 1883, St. Alban-the-Martyr served as the Cathedral of the Anglican Diocese of Toronto. Provincial legislation established the Cathedral Chapter and then annexed the surrounding lands to Toronto. Several grand designs in the Gothic Revival style were attempted, but never fully realized. The cathedral was partially built to the plans of R.C. Windeyer and E.M. Chadwick. Work later designed by Ralph Adams Cram was begun in 1912, but was never completed.
The interior features fine heraldic stained glass made by N. T. Lyon, and one of the only double hammerbeam roofs in Canada. In 1936, Archbishop Derwyn Owen transferred his seat to the Cathedral Church of St. James, and St. Alban-the-Martyr continued as a parish church.
Students have attended two schools here. St. Alban's Cathedral School, under the directorship of Marmaduke Matthews, operated from 1898 until 1910. Upon its founding in 1964, Royal St. George's College, a school in the Anglican choral tradition, acquired the church as its spiritual centre.